BEGIN:VCALENDAR VERSION:2.0 PRODID:-//Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health | DMCBH - ECPv6.2.6//NONSGML v1.0//EN CALSCALE:GREGORIAN METHOD:PUBLISH X-WR-CALNAME:Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health | DMCBH X-ORIGINAL-URL:https://www.centreforbrainhealth.ca X-WR-CALDESC:Events for Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health | DMCBH REFRESH-INTERVAL;VALUE=DURATION:PT1H X-Robots-Tag:noindex X-PUBLISHED-TTL:PT1H BEGIN:VTIMEZONE TZID:America/Vancouver BEGIN:DAYLIGHT TZOFFSETFROM:-0800 TZOFFSETTO:-0700 TZNAME:PDT DTSTART:20210314T100000 END:DAYLIGHT BEGIN:STANDARD TZOFFSETFROM:-0700 TZOFFSETTO:-0800 TZNAME:PST DTSTART:20211107T090000 END:STANDARD BEGIN:DAYLIGHT TZOFFSETFROM:-0800 TZOFFSETTO:-0700 TZNAME:PDT DTSTART:20220313T100000 END:DAYLIGHT BEGIN:STANDARD TZOFFSETFROM:-0700 TZOFFSETTO:-0800 TZNAME:PST DTSTART:20221106T090000 END:STANDARD BEGIN:DAYLIGHT TZOFFSETFROM:-0800 TZOFFSETTO:-0700 TZNAME:PDT DTSTART:20230312T100000 END:DAYLIGHT BEGIN:STANDARD TZOFFSETFROM:-0700 TZOFFSETTO:-0800 TZNAME:PST DTSTART:20231105T090000 END:STANDARD END:VTIMEZONE BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTART;TZID=America/Vancouver:20230224T110000 DTEND;TZID=America/Vancouver:20230224T120000 DTSTAMP:20231124T150657 CREATED:20220708T172733Z LAST-MODIFIED:20230210T001332Z UID:9281-1677236400-1677240000@www.centreforbrainhealth.ca SUMMARY:Dr. Joni Wallis: Neuronal mechanisms of value-based decision-making: a brain-machine interface approach DESCRIPTION:Zoom option if unable to attend in person:\nZoom link here (click on “Join a meeting”)\nMeeting ID: 91512 289258\nPasscode: 289258\n\nDecision-making is an unobservable cognitive process. This makes it challenging to investigate the underlying neuronal mechanisms. This lecture will discuss how techniques borrowed from the brain-machine interface field\, such as decoding population activity and closed-loop control\, can be used to understand how cognitive processes such as decision-making are implemented at the neuronal level. This approach could also lead to the development of novel devices for the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders that involve impaired decision-making. URL:https://www.centreforbrainhealth.ca/events/dr-joni-wallis/ LOCATION:Rudy North Lecture Theatre\, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health\, 2215 Wesbrook Mall\, Vancouver\, British Columbia\, V6T 1Z3\, Canada CATEGORIES:Neuroscience Research Colloquium END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTART;TZID=America/Vancouver:20230203T110000 DTEND;TZID=America/Vancouver:20230203T120000 DTSTAMP:20231124T150657 CREATED:20220704T174420Z LAST-MODIFIED:20230105T182151Z UID:9207-1675422000-1675425600@www.centreforbrainhealth.ca SUMMARY:Dr. Anastassia Voronova: (Re)generating oligodendrocytes in the developing and degenerating brain: a neural stem cell perspective DESCRIPTION:Zoom option if unable to attend in person:\nZoom link here (click on “Join a meeting”)\nMeeting ID: 91512 289258\nPasscode: 289258\n\nObjectives: \n1) Neural stem cells build and regenerate the brain in part by forming oligodendrocytes\, the myelinating cells of the central nervous system \n2) Endogenous neural stem cells can be engaged in mouse models of neurodegenerative disorders for brain remyelination \n3) Neurodegenerative disorders may have a neurodevelopmental origin\, and neurodevelopmental disorders may have a neurodegenerative component. URL:https://www.centreforbrainhealth.ca/events/dr-anatassia-voronova/ LOCATION:Rudy North Lecture Theatre\, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health\, 2215 Wesbrook Mall\, Vancouver\, British Columbia\, V6T 1Z3\, Canada CATEGORIES:Neuroscience Research Colloquium END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTART;TZID=America/Vancouver:20230120T110000 DTEND;TZID=America/Vancouver:20230120T120000 DTSTAMP:20231124T150657 CREATED:20220519T204558Z LAST-MODIFIED:20230119T223200Z UID:9022-1674212400-1674216000@www.centreforbrainhealth.ca SUMMARY:Dr. Yuki Oka: Regulation of fluid homeostasis through gut-brain signaling DESCRIPTION:Zoom option if unable to attend in person:\nZoom link here (click on “Join a meeting”)\nMeeting ID: 91512 289258\nPasscode: 289258\n\nDr. Oka will discuss how innate instinct to consume water and salt is regulated through body-brain interactions. URL:https://www.centreforbrainhealth.ca/events/dr-yuki-oka/ LOCATION:Rudy North Lecture Theatre\, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health\, 2215 Wesbrook Mall\, Vancouver\, British Columbia\, V6T 1Z3\, Canada CATEGORIES:Neuroscience Research Colloquium END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTART;TZID=America/Vancouver:20230113T110000 DTEND;TZID=America/Vancouver:20230113T120000 DTSTAMP:20231124T150657 CREATED:20220519T204455Z LAST-MODIFIED:20230109T182247Z UID:9020-1673607600-1673611200@www.centreforbrainhealth.ca SUMMARY:Dr. Susan Gauthier: Imaging a new treatment target in Multiple Sclerosis: Chronic Active Lesions DESCRIPTION:Zoom option if unable to attend in person:\nZoom link here (click on “Join a meeting”)\nMeeting ID: 91512 289258\nPasscode: 289258\n\nInnate immunity plays a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of multiple sclerosis (MS) and important cell types involved in this process are CNS resident monocytes (microglia) and blood-derived macrophages. Chronic CNS inflammation in the MS lesion is maintained\, in part\, with iron-laden pro-inflammatory microglia/macrophages (m/M) at the rim of chronic active MS lesions. These lesions are felt to contribute to a more aggressive phenotype of the disease; thus\, represents a novel treatment target to reduce disease progression in MS. Identification of the subset of these lesions with a paramagnetic rim has been the focus of several in vivo studies evaluating the cross-sectional association of these lesions with disability\, however further work is required to advance the development of this potential treatment biomarker. Utilizing quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) to measure chronic active lesions\, our group has focused on generating tools to identify and quantify lesion-based chronic innate immune activity.  In this talk\, I will review imaging approaches to identify chronic lesion-based inflammation and the impact of chronic active lesions on the disease course. I will further propose a novel application of QSM to quantify the inflammatory trajectory within chronic active lesions and provide a new treatment target in MS for current or novel immune modulators URL:https://www.centreforbrainhealth.ca/events/dr-susan-gauthier/ LOCATION:Rudy North Lecture Theatre\, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health\, 2215 Wesbrook Mall\, Vancouver\, British Columbia\, V6T 1Z3\, Canada CATEGORIES:Neuroscience Research Colloquium END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTART;TZID=America/Vancouver:20221209T110000 DTEND;TZID=America/Vancouver:20221209T120000 DTSTAMP:20231124T150657 CREATED:20220927T203729Z LAST-MODIFIED:20221122T195911Z UID:9656-1670583600-1670587200@www.centreforbrainhealth.ca SUMMARY:Dr. Michael Kobor: Epigenetics and the Human Life Course DESCRIPTION:Zoom option if unable to attend in person:\nZoom link here (click on “Join a meeting”)\nMeeting ID: 99412 188589\nPasscode: 188589\n\nDr. Michael Kobor is a Professor in the Department of Medical Genetics at the University of British Columbia (UBC) and The Edwin S.H. Leong UBC Chair in Healthy Aging—a UBC President’s Excellence Chair. He began his academic studies in his native Germany\, before coming to Canada to complete his PhD in Medical Genetics under Dr. Jack Greenblatt at the University of Toronto. He then completed postdoctoral training as a Human Frontier Science Program Fellow with Dr. Jasper Rine at the University of California\, Berkeley. Dr. Kobor has received many distinctions\, including a Tier 1 Canada Research Chair in Social Epigenetics\, the Sunny Hill BC Leadership Chair in Child Development\, and an appointment as Fellow of the Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR) Child and Brain Development Program. A champion for translational research\, he previously served as the Director for the “Healthy Starts” Theme at BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute. He also leads the UBC Social Exposome Research Cluster\, an interdisciplinary effort spanning 8 Faculties that investigates the health effects of social and environmental factors and influences policies and interventions to reduce health disparities. Dr. Kobor is internationally recognized as a world-leader in the field of epigenetics and leads a program of research focused on illuminating the mechanisms by which environmental exposures and life experiences can “get under the skin” to persistently affect health and behaviour across the lifespan. \nObjectives \n\nTo learn about the importance and complexity of epigenetics across the human life course\nTo understand the various ways by which the epigenome can inform on human health and disease\nTo explore opportunities for collaborative research in human epigenetics and learn about the new Edwin S.H. Leong Healthy Aging Program at UBC URL:https://www.centreforbrainhealth.ca/events/dr-michael-kobor/ LOCATION:Rudy North Lecture Theatre\, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health\, 2215 Wesbrook Mall\, Vancouver\, British Columbia\, V6T 1Z3\, Canada CATEGORIES:Neuroscience Research Colloquium END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTART;TZID=America/Vancouver:20221125T110000 DTEND;TZID=America/Vancouver:20221125T120000 DTSTAMP:20231124T150657 CREATED:20220706T193133Z LAST-MODIFIED:20221025T234333Z UID:9239-1669374000-1669377600@www.centreforbrainhealth.ca SUMMARY:Dr. Fabian Voigt: Expanding the optical bag of tricks for neuroscience  DESCRIPTION:Zoom option if unable to attend in person \n\nZoom link here (click on “Join a meeting”)\nMeeting ID: 99412 188589\nPasscode: 188589\n\nSeeing is believing and thus\, optical imaging techniques are extremely useful to study brain structure and function. I will present two projects aimed at providing the neuroscience community with better imaging instrumentation. In the first part\, I will introduce the mesoSPIM ( http://mesospim.org/ )\, an open-source light-sheet microscope that is optimized for fast imaging of large cleared tissue samples at 5-7 µm isotropic resolution. Since 2015\, the mesoSPIM evolved from a crude prototype into a highly capable instrument and we built a global community around it. Currently\, we are developing a benchtop mesoSPIM that is more compact and cost-efficient. In the second part\, I will talk about a recent project that takes inspiration from scallops and astronomy to build novel multi-immersion microscope objectives that are well suited for imaging cleared samples. These objectives combine long working distances (>1 cm)\, large FOVs (>1 mm)\, high numerical aperture (currently up to 1.08) with diffraction-limited resolution in any homogeneous medium ranging from air to the typical high-index immersion liquids used for imaging cleared tissue. They are especially well suited to augment low-to-mid resolution mesoSPIM overviews with high-resolution datasets. URL:https://www.centreforbrainhealth.ca/events/dr-fabian-voigt/ LOCATION:Rudy North Lecture Theatre\, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health\, 2215 Wesbrook Mall\, Vancouver\, British Columbia\, V6T 1Z3\, Canada CATEGORIES:Neuroscience Research Colloquium END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTART;TZID=America/Vancouver:20221118T110000 DTEND;TZID=America/Vancouver:20221118T120000 DTSTAMP:20231124T150657 CREATED:20220706T193905Z LAST-MODIFIED:20221027T193214Z UID:9113-1668769200-1668772800@www.centreforbrainhealth.ca SUMMARY:Drs. George Augustine\, Lim Kah Leong and Nagaendran Kandiah DESCRIPTION:Professor George Augustine –  Nanyang Technological University\, Singapore\nTalk Title: “Synapses and synaptic circuits in health and disease”\nProfessor Lim Kah Leong – Nanyang Technological University\, Singapore\nTalk Title: “Neuroprotective and neurorestorative strategies for Parkinson’s disease”\nProfessor Nagaendran Kandiah –  Nanyang Technological University\, Singapore\nTalk Title: “Fluid biomarker and neuroimaging profile of mild cognitive impairment in Southeast Asians”\n\nZoom option if unable to attend in person \n\nZoom link here (click on “Join a meeting”)\nMeeting ID: 99412 188589\nPasscode: 188589 URL:https://www.centreforbrainhealth.ca/events/nanyang-technological-university/ LOCATION:Rudy North Lecture Theatre\, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health\, 2215 Wesbrook Mall\, Vancouver\, British Columbia\, V6T 1Z3\, Canada CATEGORIES:Neuroscience Research Colloquium END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTART;TZID=America/Vancouver:20221104T110000 DTEND;TZID=America/Vancouver:20221104T120000 DTSTAMP:20231124T150657 CREATED:20220706T174256Z LAST-MODIFIED:20221025T234203Z UID:9233-1667559600-1667563200@www.centreforbrainhealth.ca SUMMARY:Dr. Ryan McLaughlin: Lost in Translation: Leveraging Preclinical Models to Interrogate Effects of Developmental Cannabis Exposure DESCRIPTION:Maternal cannabis use is a growing public health concern\, yet the long-term effects of prenatal cannabis exposure remain elusive. Our understanding of how prenatal cannabis exposure affects the brain and behavior is critically informed by preclinical animal models that capture core components of human cannabis use. To this end\, our laboratory and others have recently developed more translational models of cannabis use that have potential to provide unprecedented insight into the protracted effects of cannabis exposure during sensitive developmental stages.  In this presentation\, I will describe recent data from our laboratory using a novel model of cannabis vapor self-administration in pregnant rat dams to investigate the long-term effects of maternal cannabis use on emotional reactivity\, cognitive flexibility\, and cannabis-seeking behavior. Additionally\, I will present emerging data from our laboratory revealing altered excitatory inputs onto corticostriatal projection neurons in cannabis-exposed adult offspring\, which could represent a mechanism by which prenatal cannabis exposure impacts reward-relevant behavior. Altogether\, our data support the use of the cannabis vapor self-administration approach to investigate long-term effects of maternal cannabis use in developing offspring. \nZoom option if unable to attend in person \n\nZoom link here (click on “Join a meeting”)\nMeeting ID: 99412 188589\nPasscode: 188589\n\n  URL:https://www.centreforbrainhealth.ca/events/dr-ryan-mclaughlin/ LOCATION:Rudy North Lecture Theatre\, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health\, 2215 Wesbrook Mall\, Vancouver\, British Columbia\, V6T 1Z3\, Canada CATEGORIES:Neuroscience Research Colloquium END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTART;TZID=America/Vancouver:20221028T110000 DTEND;TZID=America/Vancouver:20221028T120000 DTSTAMP:20231124T150657 CREATED:20220604T014447Z LAST-MODIFIED:20221025T234115Z UID:9070-1666954800-1666958400@www.centreforbrainhealth.ca SUMMARY:Dr. Mihaela Iordanova: Neurobiology of secondary fear triggers DESCRIPTION:Zoom option if unable to attend in person \n\nZoom link here (click on “Join a meeting”)\nMeeting ID: 99412 188589\nPasscode: 188589\n\nThe study of how the brain regulates learned fear has been fundamental to understanding brain function and has served as a pre-clinical animal model for fear- and anxiety-related disorders in humans. The current model has exclusively focused on primary triggers for fear\, that is\, fear acquired through direct pairings between a cue and a fear-eliciting event. However\, fear is also elicited by secondary triggers\, that is\, cues that were never directly paired with the aversive event. These secondary triggers gain fear-eliciting properties by virtue of their association with primary triggers. The talk will present data showing how fear memories propagate across the memory network allowing for the development of secondary fear triggers\, how those memories are regulated by fear to the primary triggers at the behavioural and neural level\, as well as how they are supported by circuits in the brain. URL:https://www.centreforbrainhealth.ca/events/dr-mihaela-iordanova/ LOCATION:Rudy North Lecture Theatre\, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health\, 2215 Wesbrook Mall\, Vancouver\, British Columbia\, V6T 1Z3\, Canada CATEGORIES:Neuroscience Research Colloquium END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTART;TZID=America/Vancouver:20221021T110000 DTEND;TZID=America/Vancouver:20221021T120000 DTSTAMP:20231124T150657 CREATED:20220604T014344Z LAST-MODIFIED:20220805T201802Z UID:9068-1666350000-1666353600@www.centreforbrainhealth.ca SUMMARY:Dr. Anthony Filiano: Regulating the Brain from Its Borders DESCRIPTION:Zoom option if unable to attend in person \n\nZoom link here (click on “Join a meeting”)\nMeeting ID: 99412 188589\nPasscode: 188589\n\nThe CNS is an immune-privileged organ\, yet we know that peripheral immunity is critical for proper brain function. Here we will discuss cell communications in the meninges that regulate patrolling T cells and how the brain responds to T cell-derived signals. URL:https://www.centreforbrainhealth.ca/events/dr-anthony-filiano/ LOCATION:Rudy North Lecture Theatre\, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health\, 2215 Wesbrook Mall\, Vancouver\, British Columbia\, V6T 1Z3\, Canada CATEGORIES:Neuroscience Research Colloquium END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTART;TZID=America/Vancouver:20221014T110000 DTEND;TZID=America/Vancouver:20221014T120000 DTSTAMP:20231124T150657 CREATED:20220604T014225Z LAST-MODIFIED:20220805T201827Z UID:9066-1665745200-1665748800@www.centreforbrainhealth.ca SUMMARY:Dr. Eric Yttri: Understanding brain-wide circuit dynamics underlying learned and spontaneous behavior with B-SOiD DESCRIPTION:For decades\, neuroscience has focused almost exclusively on stereotyped\, reductionist\, and over-trained behaviors due to their ease of study. In contrast\, naturalistic behavior provides a rich diversity of movements\, but this feature also largely precludes it from quantification and use. Recent advances in computer vision have enabled automatic tracking of the position of body parts – but position is not behavior. To provide a bridge from positions to behaviors and their kinematics\, we developed B-SOiD (Hsu and Yttri\, Nature Communications). This open-source method discovers natural spatiotemporal patterns in body position data\, then uses the cluster statistics to train a machine learning algorithm to classify behaviors that can generalize across subjects and labs. We will discuss the application of this user-friendly algorithm in flies\, mice\, and humans. Finally\, we will share new data from recordings throughout the cortex and basal ganglia that reveal how these diverse behaviors are encoded by single units and interconnected neural populations. \nZoom option if unable to attend in person \n\nZoom link here (click on “Join a meeting”)\nMeeting ID: 99412 188589\nPasscode: 188589\n\n  \n  URL:https://www.centreforbrainhealth.ca/events/dr-eric-yttri/ LOCATION:British Columbia CATEGORIES:Neuroscience Research Colloquium END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTART;TZID=America/Vancouver:20220923T110000 DTEND;TZID=America/Vancouver:20220923T120000 DTSTAMP:20231124T150657 CREATED:20220604T014013Z LAST-MODIFIED:20220808T163820Z UID:9064-1663930800-1663934400@www.centreforbrainhealth.ca SUMMARY:Dr. Eugenii A. (Ilan) Rabiner: Molecular Imaging in CNS drug development DESCRIPTION:Zoom option if unable to attend in person \n\nZoom link here (click on “Join a meeting”)\nMeeting ID: 99412 188589\nPasscode: 188589\n\nOver the past 25 years the costs of drug development have been rising steeply\, with later phases being particularly resource intensive. Molecular imaging (primarily PET) has become an indispensable tool in early phase drug development\, especially for compounds focused on CNS targets\, PET studies conducted at an appropriate enable the refinement of the dose range to be explored in later phase studies\, leading to time and resource savings\, as well as providing early demonstration of compounds that are going to fail\, leading to early termination and the reallocation of considerable resources. This talk will discuss the application of PET and MR imaging in early phase drug development\, within the framework of the “three pillars” of drug development and provide examples of such studies. URL:https://www.centreforbrainhealth.ca/events/dr-eugenii-a-ilan-rabiner/ LOCATION:Rudy North Lecture Theatre\, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health\, 2215 Wesbrook Mall\, Vancouver\, British Columbia\, V6T 1Z3\, Canada CATEGORIES:Neuroscience Research Colloquium END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTART;TZID=America/Vancouver:20220916T110000 DTEND;TZID=America/Vancouver:20220916T120000 DTSTAMP:20231124T150657 CREATED:20220604T013819Z LAST-MODIFIED:20220815T171642Z UID:9062-1663326000-1663329600@www.centreforbrainhealth.ca SUMMARY:Dr. Kim Green: Exploring microglia function in the healthy and Alzheimer’s disease brain DESCRIPTION:Microglia are the primary immune cell of the brain\, but have roles outside of immunity as well as being implicated in the pathogenesis of many CNS disorders. Here I will show how we can use CSF1R inhibitors to control the microglial population in vivo\, and elucidate their functions in both the homeostatic and disease brains. I will focus on the involvement of microglia in Alzheimer’s disease\, and also detail several new genetic models to understand the disease progression. \nZoom option if unable to attend in person \n\nZoom link here (click on “Join a meeting”)\nMeeting ID: 99412 188589\nPasscode: 188589 URL:https://www.centreforbrainhealth.ca/events/dr-kim-green/ LOCATION:Rudy North Lecture Theatre\, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health\, 2215 Wesbrook Mall\, Vancouver\, British Columbia\, V6T 1Z3\, Canada CATEGORIES:Neuroscience Research Colloquium END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTART;TZID=America/Vancouver:20220909T110000 DTEND;TZID=America/Vancouver:20220909T120000 DTSTAMP:20231124T150657 CREATED:20220604T013640Z LAST-MODIFIED:20220805T201639Z UID:9060-1662721200-1662724800@www.centreforbrainhealth.ca SUMMARY:Dr. Anke Henning: Metabolic MRI at ultra-high fields – from systems architecture to application DESCRIPTION:Metabolic MRI allows observing energy metabolism\, neurotransmission\, second messaging\, endocrine signaling\, antioxidants\, protein metabolism and dynamic membrane processes in the human brain. Related quantitative metabolic imaging biomarkers are beneficial for differential diagnostics\, monitoring of treatment response and patient stratification in various neurological and psychiatric disorders and yield complementary information to structural and functional imaging. To visualize related metabolic processes my research group develops methodology for highly spatially and temporally resolved metabolic imaging exploiting magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS)\, chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) and non-proton spectroscopic imaging (31P\, 13C\, 2H) at 3T\, 7T and 9.4T with application in the human brain\, spinal cord and myocardium. These methods allows for non-invasive and non-ionizing determination of tissue concentrations and metabolic turn-over rates of more than 20 metabolites and ions and specifically benefits from ultrahigh field strength with regard to spectral resolution and signal-to-noise ratio. \nHowever\, specific physical and technical challenges have to be overcome to fully exploit the advantages of ultrahigh field MR at 7T and 9.4T for human MRI and MRS. Hence my laboratory invests into the development of enabling technology for ultrahigh field MRI including scan hardware such as radiofrequency coils and static magnetic field shimming\, numerical optimization of these setups and is able to perform respective safety assessment to allow for application in humans. The lab also develops scan software including MRI sequences and is able to design tailored radiofrequency pulse including such dedicated to parallel transmission systems. Specifically for metabolic MRI we also develop tailored data analysis methods such as image reconstruction\, post-processing and quantification pipelines and recently started to explore machine-learning based approaches. \nThis presentation gives an overview over our recent research activities. \nZoom option if unable to attend in person \n\nZoom link here (click on “Join a meeting”)\nMeeting ID: 99412 188589\nPasscode: 188589 URL:https://www.centreforbrainhealth.ca/events/dr-anke-henning/ LOCATION:Rudy North Lecture Theatre\, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health\, 2215 Wesbrook Mall\, Vancouver\, British Columbia\, V6T 1Z3\, Canada CATEGORIES:Neuroscience Research Colloquium END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTART;TZID=America/Vancouver:20220513T110000 DTEND;TZID=America/Vancouver:20220513T120000 DTSTAMP:20231124T150657 CREATED:20220412T221303Z LAST-MODIFIED:20220511T232211Z UID:8817-1652439600-1652443200@www.centreforbrainhealth.ca SUMMARY:Dr. Takao Hensch: Balancing Brain Plasticity/Stability DESCRIPTION:Brain function is largely shaped by experience in early life\, creating windows of both great opportunity and vulnerability. Our work has focused on the biological basis for such critical periods\, identifying both “triggers” and “brakes” on plasticity. Strikingly\, the maturation of particular inhibitory circuits is pivotal for the onset timing of these windows. Manipulations of their emergence can either accelerate or delay developmental trajectories regardless of chronological age. Notably\, many neurodevelopmental disorders are linked to alterations in excitatory-inhibitory balance\, suggesting shifted critical period timing as part of their etiology. Closure of critical periods in turn reflects an active process\, rather than a purely passive loss of plasticity factors. Lifting these brakes allows the reopening of plastic windows later in life\, but may also underlie instability in disease states. Thus\, understanding how brain plasticity and stability are balanced throughout life offers new insight into mental illness and novel therapeutic strategies for recovery of function in adulthood. \n\nZoom option if unable to attend in person\nZoom link here (click on “Join a meeting”)\nMeeting ID: 99412 188589\nPasscode: 188589\n\nTo attend the trainee lunch following the seminar or to schedule a meeting with Dr. Hensch\, please email Kim at kschmidt@mail.ubc.ca URL:https://www.centreforbrainhealth.ca/events/dr-takao-hensch/ LOCATION:Rudy North Lecture Theatre\, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health\, 2215 Wesbrook Mall\, Vancouver\, British Columbia\, V6T 1Z3\, Canada CATEGORIES:Neuroscience Research Colloquium ATTACH;FMTTYPE=image/jpeg:https://www.centreforbrainhealth.ca/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/Takao-Hensch-presentation-May-13.jpg END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTART;TZID=America/Vancouver:20220506T110000 DTEND;TZID=America/Vancouver:20220506T120000 DTSTAMP:20231124T150657 CREATED:20210722T000000Z LAST-MODIFIED:20220414T185558Z UID:3749-1651834800-1651838400@www.centreforbrainhealth.ca SUMMARY:Dr. Elizabeth Heller: Epigenetic regulation of reward pathophysiology DESCRIPTION:The Heller Lab research program is focused on discovering molecular mechanisms by which epigenetic reprogramming contributes to neuropsychiatric disease. To this end\, Dr. Heller pioneered the use of targeted epigenetic editing in brain\, to elucidate the precise causal role of histone posttranslational modifications on gene expression and alternative splicing in specific neuronal subpopulations. Dr. Heller will share recent studies of epigenetic regulation of gene expression and alternative splicing across cocaine abstinence in mice\, as well as novel approaches to examine histone modifications in specific neuronal subpopulations. \nZoom option if unable to attend in person \n\nZoom link here (click on “Join a meeting”)\nMeeting ID: 99412 188589\nPasscode: 188589 URL:https://www.centreforbrainhealth.ca/events/dr-elizabeth-heller/ LOCATION:Rudy North Lecture Theatre\, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health\, 2215 Wesbrook Mall\, Vancouver\, British Columbia\, V6T 1Z3\, Canada CATEGORIES:Neuroscience Research Colloquium END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTART;TZID=America/Vancouver:20220429T110000 DTEND;TZID=America/Vancouver:20220429T120000 DTSTAMP:20231124T150657 CREATED:20210722T000000Z LAST-MODIFIED:20220315T212653Z UID:3745-1651230000-1651233600@www.centreforbrainhealth.ca SUMMARY:Dr. Nelson Spruston: Neurophysiological mechanisms of memory guided behavior DESCRIPTION:Mammals use a sophisticated\, multi-regional memory system to guide behavior. A major goal of neuroscience is to understand the mechanisms—ranging from molecular to cellular to systems—that make this possible. Spruston will describe recent results from his lab using mouse behavior\, patch-clamp recording\, imaging\, and RNA-seq\, which collectively seek to elucidate how a diverse and complex population of neurons in the hippocampus allow mice to perform sophisticated memory guided behaviors. \nZoom option if unable to attend in person \n\nZoom link here (click on “Join a meeting”)\nMeeting ID: 99412 188589\nPasscode: 188589 URL:https://www.centreforbrainhealth.ca/events/dr-nelson-spruston/ LOCATION:Rudy North Lecture Theatre\, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health\, 2215 Wesbrook Mall\, Vancouver\, British Columbia\, V6T 1Z3\, Canada CATEGORIES:Neuroscience Research Colloquium END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTART;TZID=America/Vancouver:20220422T110000 DTEND;TZID=America/Vancouver:20220422T120000 DTSTAMP:20231124T150657 CREATED:20210722T000000Z LAST-MODIFIED:20220414T185511Z UID:3744-1650625200-1650628800@www.centreforbrainhealth.ca SUMMARY:Dr. Pascal Kaeser: Mechanisms and Roles for Fast Dopamine Signaling DESCRIPTION:Dopamine is a neuromodulator that codes information on various time scales. I will discuss recent progress on the identification of fast release mechanisms for dopamine in the mouse striatum. I will present data on triggering mechanisms of dopamine release and evaluate its roles in striatal regulation. In the long-term\, our work will allow for a better understanding of the mechanisms and time scales of dopamine coding in health and disease. \n“Live Screening” in Rudy North Lecture Theatre\nZoom details if unable to attend in person: \n\nZoom link here (click on “Join a meeting”)\nMeeting ID: 99412 188589\nPasscode: 188589 URL:https://www.centreforbrainhealth.ca/events/dr-pascal-kaeser/ LOCATION:Rudy North Lecture Theatre\, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health\, 2215 Wesbrook Mall\, Vancouver\, British Columbia\, V6T 1Z3\, Canada CATEGORIES:Neuroscience Research Colloquium END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTART;TZID=America/Vancouver:20220408T120000 DTEND;TZID=America/Vancouver:20220408T130000 DTSTAMP:20231124T150657 CREATED:20210722T000000Z LAST-MODIFIED:20220414T185332Z UID:3743-1649419200-1649422800@www.centreforbrainhealth.ca SUMMARY:Dr. Shigeki Watanabe: Ultrafast recycling of synaptic vesicles DESCRIPTION:In 1973 John Heuser and Tom Reese demonstrated that neurotransmitter was released from neurons via the fusion of neurotransmitter-filled vesicles with the cell membrane.  But at the same time\, these experiments launched a controversy that is unresolved today – do vesicles collapse into the membrane and are then recycled slowly on the order of 20 seconds? Or do they retain their existence – and reverse the pore in just 1 second\, as proposed in ‘kiss and run’ endocytosis?  Since then\, molecular pathways for fusion and recycling have been put forward\, but the field remains divided.  We have used channelrhodopsin to stimulate neurons in intact nematodes and in cultured hippocampal neurons.  The specimen is then frozen 15 ms to 20 seconds after the stimulus. To our surprise\, we observed a different form of vesicle recycling that is ultrafast\, in which membrane is endocytosed at lateral edges of active zones between 30-100 ms after stimulation.  The large endocytic vesicles then fuse to form an endosome and are resolved by clathrin into synaptic vesicles. Although rapid\, several molecules coordinately mediate ultrafast endocytosis. I will discuss the findings from the original studies and our current work on molecular mechanisms underlying ultrafast endocytosis. \nZoom option if unable to attend in person: \n\nZoom link here (click on “Join a meeting”)\nMeeting ID: 99412 188589\nPasscode: 188589 URL:https://www.centreforbrainhealth.ca/events/dr-shigeki-watanabe/ LOCATION:Rudy North Lecture Theatre\, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health\, 2215 Wesbrook Mall\, Vancouver\, British Columbia\, V6T 1Z3\, Canada CATEGORIES:Neuroscience Research Colloquium END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTART;TZID=America/Vancouver:20220401T110000 DTEND;TZID=America/Vancouver:20220401T120000 DTSTAMP:20231124T150657 CREATED:20210722T000000Z LAST-MODIFIED:20220414T185300Z UID:3742-1648810800-1648814400@www.centreforbrainhealth.ca SUMMARY:Dr. Bojana Stefanovic: Neurovascular unit dysfunction in a model of TBI DESCRIPTION:Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) is the most common type of traumatic brain injury globally. Although its consequences may be short term\, mTBI often leads to long-term neuropsychiatric and neurological impairments and has been estimated to increase the probability of later life dementia up to six-fold. It is presently not clear what neuropathological changes underlie these deficits. This talk will review our recent studies on the sustained neurogliovascular unit function changes in a murine model of repeated\, mild traumatic brain injury. By leveraging two photon fluorescence microscopy\, intracerebral electrophysiological recordings\, optogenetics\, high field magnetic resonance imaging\, and light sheet fluorescence microscopy\, we reveal pronounced\, lasting\, and diffuse changes in the neuronal and cerebrovascular functional signals in situ\, accompanied by only subtle changes in histopathological readouts and no changes on conventional neuroimaging. Our studies suggest the potential of disinhibitory interventions to ameliorate peri-contusional neuronal and cerebrovascular tone and reactivity. In light of known import of functional hyperemia for healthy brain functioning\, normalization of the neurovascular unit function is likely key for decreasing the susceptibility of the concussed brain to subsequent pathologies. We expect sensitive in situ functional assays to be instrumental for development of such neurovascularly targeted interventions in the clinic. \nZoom option if unable to attend in person: \n\nZoom link here (click on “Join a meeting”)\nMeeting ID: 99412 188589\nPasscode: 188589 URL:https://www.centreforbrainhealth.ca/events/dr-bojana-stefanovic/ LOCATION:Rudy North Lecture Theatre\, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health\, 2215 Wesbrook Mall\, Vancouver\, British Columbia\, V6T 1Z3\, Canada CATEGORIES:Neuroscience Research Colloquium END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTART;TZID=America/Vancouver:20220325T110000 DTEND;TZID=America/Vancouver:20220325T120000 DTSTAMP:20231124T150657 CREATED:20210722T000000Z LAST-MODIFIED:20220304T235814Z UID:3741-1648206000-1648209600@www.centreforbrainhealth.ca SUMMARY:Dr. Edward F. Chang: Towards a Speech Neuroprosthetic DESCRIPTION:Speaking is a unique and defining human behavior.  Over the past decade\, we have focused on deciphering the basic neural code that underlies our ability to speak fluently. \nDuring speech production\, vocal tract movement gestures for all speech sounds are encoded by highly specialized neural activity\, organized as a map\, in the human speech motor cortex.   A major effort is now underway to translate these findings towards building an articulatory-based speech neuroprosthetic device for people who cannot communicate. \n\n\n\nZoom option if unable to attend in person: \n\nZoom link here (click on “Join a meeting”)\nMeeting ID: 99412 188589\nPasscode: 188589 URL:https://www.centreforbrainhealth.ca/events/dr-edward-f-chang/ LOCATION:Rudy North Lecture Theatre\, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health\, 2215 Wesbrook Mall\, Vancouver\, British Columbia\, V6T 1Z3\, Canada CATEGORIES:Neuroscience Research Colloquium END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTART;TZID=America/Vancouver:20220318T110000 DTEND;TZID=America/Vancouver:20220318T120000 DTSTAMP:20231124T150657 CREATED:20210722T000000Z LAST-MODIFIED:20220304T235750Z UID:3740-1647601200-1647604800@www.centreforbrainhealth.ca SUMMARY:Dr. Kate Wassum: Amygdala circuitry in reward learning and decision making DESCRIPTION:To make adaptive decisions we must cast ourselves into the future and consider the outcomes of our potential choices. This prospective consideration is informed by our memories. I will discuss our lab’s recent work investigating the neural circuits responsible for encoding\, updating\, and retrieving reward memories for use in the considerations underlying decision making. We have taken a multifaceted approach to these investigations\, combining recording\, modern circuit dissection\, and behavioral tools. Our results are generally indicating that the basolateral amygdala\, midbrain\, and orbitofrontal cortex work in a circuit to participate in these functions. The cognitive symptoms underlying many psychiatric disorders result from a failure to appropriately learn about and/or anticipate potential future events\, making these basic science data relevant to the understanding and potential treatment of mental illness. \nZoom option if unable to attend in person: \n\nZoom link here (click on “Join a meeting”)\nMeeting ID: 99412 188589\nPasscode: 188589 URL:https://www.centreforbrainhealth.ca/events/dr-kate-wassum/ LOCATION:Rudy North Lecture Theatre\, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health\, 2215 Wesbrook Mall\, Vancouver\, British Columbia\, V6T 1Z3\, Canada CATEGORIES:Neuroscience Research Colloquium END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTART;TZID=America/Vancouver:20220311T110000 DTEND;TZID=America/Vancouver:20220311T120000 DTSTAMP:20231124T150657 CREATED:20210722T000000Z LAST-MODIFIED:20220301T230646Z UID:3739-1646996400-1647000000@www.centreforbrainhealth.ca SUMMARY:Dr. Rutsuko Ito: Ventral hippocampal circuits and the arbitration of approach-avoidance conflict DESCRIPTION:Approach-avoidance (AA) conflict resolution is a form of decision making that is fundamentally important for survival and requires the effective evaluation of affective stimuli or events with mixed outcomes (positive and negative). Despite the prevailing view of hippocampal involvement in learning and memory processes\, the hippocampus is also thought to be involved in the resolution of AA conflict by exaggerating the value of negative outcomes and increasing the tendency to avoid. Furthermore\, work from my laboratory has implicated the ventral\, but not the dorsal hippocampus\, in mediating affective processes involving learned AA conflict. In this talk\, I will be presenting a set of studies providing evidence of ventral hippocampal (vHPC) mediation of AA decision making when animals are exposed to affectively bivalent (conflicting) cues. I will also present chemogenetic evidence that the control over conflict-elicited AA  behaviours is subfield\, and pathway-specific\, with the investigation extending to the wider extrinsic connectivity of the vHPC with the lateral septum and ventral striatum. \nRudy North Lecture Theatre “Live” Screening\nZoom option if unable to attend in person: \n\nZoom link here (click on “Join a meeting”)\nMeeting ID: 99412 188589\nPasscode: 188589 URL:https://www.centreforbrainhealth.ca/events/dr-rutsuko-ito/ LOCATION:Rudy North Lecture Theatre\, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health\, 2215 Wesbrook Mall\, Vancouver\, British Columbia\, V6T 1Z3\, Canada CATEGORIES:Neuroscience Research Colloquium END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTART;TZID=America/Vancouver:20220218T110000 DTEND;TZID=America/Vancouver:20220218T120000 DTSTAMP:20231124T150657 CREATED:20210722T000000Z LAST-MODIFIED:20220301T222335Z UID:3737-1645182000-1645185600@www.centreforbrainhealth.ca SUMMARY:Dr. Jorn Diedrichsen: Exploring the role of the human cerebellum across functional domains DESCRIPTION:The cerebellum has evolved to support basic sensory-motor functions. In the human brain\, the cerebellar circuitry has dramatically expanded and contributes to virtually every cognitive function\, including working memory\, language\, and social cognition. Given its uniform cytoarchitecture\, it has long been hypothesized that the cerebellar circuit performs a common computation across all these functional domains. But what is this elusive transform? To ultimately answer this question we require a better understanding of the functional diversity of the cerebellum\, it’s connectivity to the neocortex\, and the relationship between cortical and cerebellar processes in each functional domain. I will present results from a number functional neuroimaging studies to characterize cerebellar function across cognitive domains to start to address these questions in a systematic fashion. \nRudy North Lecture Theatre “Live” Screening\nZoom option if unable to attend in person: \n\nZoom link here (click on “Join a meeting”)\nMeeting ID: 99412 188589\nPasscode: 188589 URL:https://www.centreforbrainhealth.ca/events/dr-jorn-diedrichsen/ LOCATION:British Columbia CATEGORIES:Neuroscience Research Colloquium END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTART;TZID=America/Vancouver:20220211T110000 DTEND;TZID=America/Vancouver:20220211T120000 DTSTAMP:20231124T150657 CREATED:20211016T053047Z LAST-MODIFIED:20220211T005633Z UID:7205-1644577200-1644580800@www.centreforbrainhealth.ca SUMMARY:Dr. Cheryl Wellington: Fluid biomarkers in neurology: Clinical and translational studies DESCRIPTION:Diseases of the brain are among the most challenging disorders to diagnose and treat. Unlike cancer\, where human tissue biopsy specimens are routinely collected\, brain disorders lack routine access to specimens that are essential to make progress in understanding pathophysiology and developing effective treatments. Currently\, most brain diseases are studied in living patients using neuroimaging or invasive cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) collection. New technologies now allow brain-derived substances to be measured in blood\, which is revolutionizing the field of neurology. The Wellington lab is currently collaborating with several local neurologists to develop and validate blood biomarkers for several acute and chronic neurological conditions. Highlights of our studies in Alzheimer’s Disease\, spinal cord injury and hypoxic ischemic brain injury will be presented. We are also present our program to develop and validate parallel assays that work in rodents to better understand the translational relevance of studies in animal models. \n\nZoom option if unable to attend in person\nZoom link here (click on “Join a meeting”)\nMeeting ID: 99412 188589\nPasscode: 188589 URL:https://www.centreforbrainhealth.ca/events/dr-cheryl-wellington/ LOCATION:Rudy North Lecture Theatre\, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health\, 2215 Wesbrook Mall\, Vancouver\, British Columbia\, V6T 1Z3\, Canada CATEGORIES:Neuroscience Research Colloquium END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTART;TZID=America/Vancouver:20220204T110000 DTEND;TZID=America/Vancouver:20220204T120000 DTSTAMP:20231124T150657 CREATED:20210722T000000Z LAST-MODIFIED:20220211T005611Z UID:3738-1643972400-1643976000@www.centreforbrainhealth.ca SUMMARY:Dr. John Kramer: Translational Research in Acute Spinal Cord Injury DESCRIPTION:This event will be held virtually: \nZoom link URL:https://www.centreforbrainhealth.ca/events/dr-john-kramer/ LOCATION:Online CATEGORIES:Neuroscience Research Colloquium END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTART;TZID=America/Vancouver:20211217T110000 DTEND;TZID=America/Vancouver:20211217T120000 DTSTAMP:20231124T150657 CREATED:20211016T052429Z LAST-MODIFIED:20211221T202501Z UID:7201-1639738800-1639742400@www.centreforbrainhealth.ca SUMMARY:Spontaneous activity\, memory replay\, and the default mode network DESCRIPTION:Spontaneous activity accounts for most of what the brain does and is likely to be key for information processing in the brain\, but its function is still quite mysterious. Two key spontaneous activity processes are the Default Mode Network (DMN)\, a set of areas that are most markedly connected and active during behavioural idleness\, and memory replay\, the spontaneous reactivation of neural patterns occurring during experience. In the Mohajerani lab\, we test the hypothesis that the DMN plays a key role in memory replay processes. This theory\, if confirmed\, would bring important conceptual advances: to memory studies\, as it would provide a mechanism supporting the formation and consolidation of complex memory representations. I will explore this theory by our ongoing studies of neural activity over the whole mouse cortex in animals running memory tasks. \nZoom option if unable to attend in person: \n\nZoom link here (Click on “Join a meeting”)\nMeeting ID: 95496 072083\nPasscode: 072083 URL:https://www.centreforbrainhealth.ca/events/dr-majid-mohajerani/ LOCATION:Rudy North Lecture Theatre\, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health\, 2215 Wesbrook Mall\, Vancouver\, British Columbia\, V6T 1Z3\, Canada CATEGORIES:Neuroscience Research Colloquium END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTART;TZID=America/Vancouver:20211210T110000 DTEND;TZID=America/Vancouver:20211210T120000 DTSTAMP:20231124T150657 CREATED:20211019T222822Z LAST-MODIFIED:20211221T202222Z UID:7212-1639134000-1639137600@www.centreforbrainhealth.ca SUMMARY:Unraveling microglial heterogeneity and stress responses in the embryonic hypothalamus DESCRIPTION:Zoom option if unable to attend in person: \n\nZoom link here (Click on “Join a meeting”)\nMeeting ID: 95496 072083\nPasscode: 072083 URL:https://www.centreforbrainhealth.ca/events/dr-jessica-rosin/ LOCATION:Rudy North Lecture Theatre\, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health\, 2215 Wesbrook Mall\, Vancouver\, British Columbia\, V6T 1Z3\, Canada CATEGORIES:Neuroscience Research Colloquium END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTART;TZID=America/Vancouver:20211203T110000 DTEND;TZID=America/Vancouver:20211203T120000 DTSTAMP:20231124T150657 CREATED:20211016T052702Z LAST-MODIFIED:20211221T202047Z UID:7202-1638529200-1638532800@www.centreforbrainhealth.ca SUMMARY:The effects of maternal immune activation on early development in an outbred strain of mice DESCRIPTION:Our lab is interested in the neural bases for social function\, and we use mouse models for diseases that have social deficits at their core. This talk will present our recent work looking at postnatal development\, juvenile behaviours and autophagy in a mouse model of perinatal infection. \nRudy North Lecture Theatre “Live” Screening\nZoom option if unable to attend in person: \n\nZoom link here (Click on “Join a meeting”)\nMeeting ID: 95496 072083\nPasscode: 072083 URL:https://www.centreforbrainhealth.ca/events/dr-tamara-franklin/ LOCATION:Rudy North Lecture Theatre\, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health\, 2215 Wesbrook Mall\, Vancouver\, British Columbia\, V6T 1Z3\, Canada CATEGORIES:Neuroscience Research Colloquium END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTART;TZID=America/Vancouver:20211119T110000 DTEND;TZID=America/Vancouver:20211119T120000 DTSTAMP:20231124T150657 CREATED:20210722T000000Z LAST-MODIFIED:20211117T002332Z UID:3734-1637319600-1637323200@www.centreforbrainhealth.ca SUMMARY:Reporting Options for Sexualized Violence DESCRIPTION:SVPRO is back for a second session! This session will focus on the different options that are available for reporting when sexualized violence has occurred. Not everyone wants to report after being impacted by sexualized violence\, and that’s completely okay. When folks do want to report\, it’s important that they know the full range of options and considerations. Join us to learn about UBC systems\, police reporting\, and human rights reporting systems\, when each may apply\, and how SVPRO supports people navigating these processes. \nZoom option if unable to attend in person: \n\nZoom link here (Click on “Join a meeting”)\nMeeting ID: 95496 072083\nPasscode: 072083 URL:https://www.centreforbrainhealth.ca/events/reporting-options-for-sexualized-violence/ LOCATION:Rudy North Lecture Theatre\, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health\, 2215 Wesbrook Mall\, Vancouver\, British Columbia\, V6T 1Z3\, Canada CATEGORIES:Neuroscience Research Colloquium END:VEVENT END:VCALENDAR